1. Overview of Meaning
The kanji “堅” (ken) means “hard” or “solid.” It is often used to describe something that is physically firm or strong, as well as metaphorically to refer to steadfastness or reliability in character.
2. Formation and Radical
The kanji “堅” is a phonetic compound (形声文字) that combines the radical for “earth” (土) with the phonetic component “干” (kan), which contributes to its pronunciation. The earth radical suggests a connection to solidity and stability.
The radical of “堅” is 土, which signifies “earth” or “ground,” reinforcing the idea of something being solid and unyielding.
3. Examples of Usage
Common words and phrases that include “堅” are:
- 堅い (katai) – hard, firm
- 堅実 (kenjitsu) – solid, reliable
- 堅持 (kenji) – to maintain, to uphold
Example sentence in daily conversation:
この石はとても堅いです。 (Kono ishi wa totemo katai desu.) – This stone is very hard.
4. Synonyms and Antonyms
Similar kanji with related meanings include:
- 硬 (kō) – hard, but often used in a more technical or mechanical context.
- 頑 (gan) – stubborn or obstinate, which conveys a sense of rigidity in character.
Antonyms include:
- 柔 (nyū) – soft, flexible.
5. Cultural and Historical Background
The kanji “堅” is often associated with Japanese culture in terms of values such as reliability and steadfastness. It reflects the importance of being strong and dependable in both personal and professional relationships.
Proverbs and idiomatic expressions that include “堅” are:
- 堅実な生き方 (kenjitsu na ikikata) – a solid way of living, emphasizing the value of stability and reliability.