1. Overview of Meaning
The kanji 込 (komu) generally means “to be included” or “to be filled.” It conveys the idea of something being packed or crowded, often used in contexts where things are combined or integrated.
2. Formation and Radical
Formation of the Kanji: The kanji 込 is a compound character (会意文字) that combines the elements of “to enter” (入) and “to fill” (心). This reflects the concept of something entering and filling a space.
Radical: The radical for 込 is 心 (kokoro), which means “heart” or “mind.” This radical often relates to emotions or mental states in other kanji.
3. Examples of Usage
Common Words and Phrases: Some frequently used words that include 込 are:
- 混雑 (konzatsu) – congestion, crowding
- 込み合う (komiau) – to be crowded
- 料金込み (ryoukin komi) – including fees
Example Sentences in Daily Conversation:
- この電車はいつも込み合っています。
(This train is always crowded.) - 料金はすべて込みです。
(All fees are included.)
4. Synonyms and Antonyms
Similar Kanji: A kanji with a similar meaning is 混 (kon), which means “to mix” or “to blend.” While both kanji involve the idea of combining, 込 emphasizes inclusion or filling, whereas 混 focuses on the act of mixing.
Opposite Kanji: An antonym for 込 is 抜 (nuku), which means “to remove” or “to extract.” This represents the opposite action of taking something out rather than including it.
5. Cultural and Historical Background
Relation to Japanese Culture: The concept of 込 is significant in Japanese culture, especially in crowded urban environments where public transport and events often experience high levels of congestion.
Proverbs and Idioms: One common expression is 人が込む (hito ga komu), which means “people gather” or “crowds form,” reflecting the social aspect of gathering in public spaces.